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This video is not intended for entertainment, it is created for the scientific community and practicing professionals.

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This video is about the origin of the universe, the origin of everything that exists within it, including the origin of life on planet Earth.

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In this video, I'm going to tell you about a completely new theory on the origin of the universe.

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A theory that logically answers several very complex questions at once.

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This new theory will explain why the universe is expanding, it will explain the still unexplained phenomenon of the speed at which galaxies are receding, and it will explain what a living organism is.

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First, a few facts.

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Today, science knows for certain that everything physical that we're familiar with is made of molecules.

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For example, a sofa, a house, an apple, or a person are made of molecules, and molecules are made of atoms.

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Right now, the space between me and the camera isn't empty.

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The air is made of 78% nitrogen molecules, about 20% oxygen molecules, as well as other molecules, depending on the location.

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Planets, stars, gas, they are also made of molecules, and all molecules are made of atoms.

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And that's a fact.

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But science also knows that in the universe, the atom is not the key building material, because the universe is expanding.

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Why it's expanding, and by what principle, that's a big, complex question.

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Specialists, as of today, 2025, link the expansion of the universe to a hypothetical dark energy.

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I'm quoting an AI.

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Scientists still don't know what exactly this dark matter and dark energy are made of, and their nature remains a great mystery of modern physics.

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As of today, October 2nd, 2025, there are even measurements of this something dark in percentages.

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Quoting the AI,

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The universe is made up of 68% dark energy, approximately 27% dark matter, and only about 5% is taken up by the matter we're familiar with.

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Therefore, the key building material of the universe is something dark.

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This hypothetical dark energy and dark matter, since it's what makes up 95% of the universe.

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In this new theory, I'll start building the universe not from the appearance of the chemical elements we know, like protons and atoms, but from the appearance of dark particles.

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I'll explain shortly why particles specifically.

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First, let's analyze one inexplicable, yet observable, property of this something dark.

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Let's look at the expansion of the universe, and specifically, the unique nature of the speed at which galaxies are moving away from each other.

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Hubble's law states that galaxies are moving away from each other at a speed equal to the distance between them.

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Meaning, the greater the distance between galaxies, the faster they move away from each other.

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This is unique.

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It's even hard to grasp at first, because on planet Earth, no such characteristics exist anywhere, in anything.

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But it's a fact.
This is genuinely happening in the universe.

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Galaxies are moving away from each other at a speed equal to the distance between them.

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If the difference in distance is twice as large, the speed will also be twice as high.

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This phenomenon was named Hubble's law, in honor of the American astrophysicist Edwin Hubble.

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But there's no explanation for the principle by which galaxies move away from each other at a speed equal to the distance between them.

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The expanding cosmic space is currently linked to hypothetical dark energy.

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But we still haven't explained the exact principle by which the recession of galaxies occurs, with such a unique characteristic in its speed.

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I'm quoting an AI.

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The reasons for the expansion of the universe and the uniqueness of the speed of galactic recession are related to the nature of dark energy and its influence on the geometry and dynamics of the universe, as well as to features of fundamental physics that are not yet fully explained and are being actively studied.

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The new theory on the origin of the universe that I want to tell you about will logically explain this uniqueness in the speed at which galaxies are receding from each other.

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My theory, which I'm about to tell you, is based on the process of self-replication.

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It is the process of self-replication that will logically explain how to get such a gigantic amount of something dark in cosmic space from a single particle.

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It will logically explain the expansion of the universe and logically explain why galaxies move away from each other at a speed equal to the distance between them.

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And most importantly, this theory will link the evolution of the universe with the observable fact of the self-replication of living organisms.

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I've named this theory the theory of self-replication.

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The theory of self-replication will begin with the self-replication of dark particles and end with the self-replication of complex living organisms.

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If one dark particle starts to self-replicate, we will get exponential growth.

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What does that mean?

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If one dark particle self-replicates, it becomes 2. 2 will create 4, 4 will create 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on.

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After just 10 self-replications, we will get 1024 particles.

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After another 10 self-replications, we will get 1,048,576 particles.

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After another 10 self-replications, we will get 1,073,741,824 particles.

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This is exponential growth.

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Unlike the classic Big Bang theory, the theory of self-replication doesn't cram everything in the universe into a single point of unprecedentedly small size under a theoretical singularity.

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The theory of self-replication explains how, from a point of unprecedentedly small size, you can logically get such a gigantic amount of matter.

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And as proof, it provides the fact of the self-replication of living organisms.

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I ask current specialists to pay attention to this.

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So, if one dark particle self-replicates, it will create a gigantic medium of particles, a medium that is constantly expanding.

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If, within this medium of self-replicating particles, there are objects like galaxies, they will begin to move away from each other at a speed equal to the distance between them.

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If the distance between galaxies is twice as large, there will be twice as many self-replicating particles between them.

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Consequently, the speed at which the galaxies move away from each other will be twice as high.

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Moreover, with a specific rate of self-replication, we can even achieve the exact speed we observe in the universe.

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I would also like to draw your attention to another fact.

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Quoting an AI, Scientists cannot explain why time only moves forward.

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The theory of self-replication can also provide a clear answer in this regard.

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The word time was invented by us, by humans.

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With this word, we measure ongoing processes.

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And these ongoing processes are driven by the process of self-replication.

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The number of particles increases, everything moves, and the volume only expands.

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Therefore, the phenomenon that we humans call time only moves forward.

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The theory of self-replication does not contradict anything we observe in the universe, or on planet Earth.

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The theory of self-replication logically explains how to get a gigantic amount of something dark in space from a single particle.

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It logically explains the expansion of the universe.

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It logically explains the previously unexplained phenomenon of the speed at which galaxies recede.

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But most importantly, the theory of self-replication mirrors a process we are familiar with, but on a very small scale, in the quantum world.

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This theory contains no fabricated forces or characteristics.

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I urge current specialists to pay attention to this.

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In this video, I will also propose a hypothesis for the entirety of evolution, from the beginning to the present day.

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A hypothesis for how everything could have happened.

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I will hypothesize how the first self-replicating particle emerged.

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How, from what cause, and why.

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Where the first chemical elements we know, such as atoms and molecules, came from.

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How the first stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes appeared.

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Also in this video, I will look at phenomena like gravity and the cosmic microwave background from a new and different perspective.

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In this video, I will make a very interesting hypothesis about what a living organism is and what consciousness is.

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All of these hypotheses require in-depth analysis by current specialists.

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First, let's analyze what such a dark particle might look like.

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These dark particles probably have mass, since there are very few, if any of them, in interplanetary space.

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Quoting an AI, Within the solar system, the influence of dark energy is extremely weak and practically imperceptible.

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This all suggests that these dark particles cannot overcome the matter of galaxies.

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I hypothesize that dark particles have mass.

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If they had no mass, they would penetrate everything, or everything would penetrate them.

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From the characteristics of galactic recession, we can conclude that these particles have a uniform speed of self-replication.

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And from this uniform speed of self-replication, we can conclude that dark particles have an identical structure.

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The characteristics of galactic recession also allow us to conclude that there is a delay in the speed of self-replication for dark particles.

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That is, a delay in the speed of self-production.

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Because if the self-replication of particles were instantaneous, the distance between galaxies would abruptly double.

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The time it takes for new particles to appear is not uniform, as there is a delay in the speed of self-replication.

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We can conclude that particles self-replicate at different times, in a chaotic order.

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Considering weightlessness, the self-replication of dark particles can occur at any angle in space.

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Now let's analyze how the process of self-replication of dark particles might occur.

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We observe the process of self-replication in single-celled living organisms and multicellular living organisms.

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There are also successful experiments showing the self-replication of RNA, where RNA independently copies itself.

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From this, we can conclude that the process of self-replication is not specifically linked to living organisms.

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Even RNA copies itself.

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RNA is capable of independent self-replication.

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From this, we can assume that the process of self-replication also occurs on much smaller scales, on the scale of quantum physics.

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Now, I'd like to draw your attention to a fact.

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Why does the process of self-replication occur in living organisms or cells, and why does self-replication happen at a specific moment?

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If we delve into the replication process of living organisms, cells, or independent RNA, we see it's due to the mechanism itself.

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The mechanism creates a mechanism similar to itself.

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It creates from what is in the environment.
There's no fantasy there.

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There are even interesting experiments where organisms are weighed before and after self-replication.

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The mass doesn't change.
No new material is created.

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It's precisely because of the mechanism itself that the mechanism creates an analogous mechanism.

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That's a fact.

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This fact, that self-replication occurs because of a mechanism, suggests that a dark particle is not a single, whole entity.

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A dark particle is also a mechanism.

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The self-replication process of dark particles can also occur due to the mechanism itself, just like with RNA, a single-celled organism, or a living cell.

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I hypothesize that mechanisms capable of self-replication arise simply due to a huge number of attempts.

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All particles, atoms, and molecules are magnetized, as they have their own force of attraction, and in combination with the emergence of energy, they move synchronously, forming mechanisms.

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At some point, a mechanism creates a similar mechanism, and the process simply becomes cyclical.

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It can't even change anymore unless the environmental conditions are altered or there is physical intervention.

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I think this is exactly how mechanisms capable of self-replication appear.

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Now, I'd like to draw your attention to one fact.

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The temperature of intergalactic space, where, according to this theory, the self-replication of dark particles occurs, is minus 270 degrees Celsius, or 3 Kelvin.

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This is a temperature close to absolute zero.

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Can, at such extremely low temperatures, some kind of mechanism form?

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There is a fact that, at extremely low temperatures, the formation of mechanisms occurs which behave as a single entity.

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I'm quoting an AI.

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Research into phenomena at extremely low temperatures does indeed show the possibility of forming unified mechanisms from particles through self-organization.

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The formation of unified mechanisms from particles at extremely low temperatures is not only possible, but is also observed experimentally in high-precision studies.

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At extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero, amazing phenomena occur.

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I'm quoting the AI.

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We observe bright, coherent light beams from the condensate's quasiparticle.

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Quasiparticles at extremely low temperatures demonstrate coherent behavior, resembling the behavior of a single large particle.

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All these amazing processes occur at temperatures close to absolute zero, minus 273.15 degrees Celsius.

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We know very little about the processes that occur close to absolute zero.

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As you probably know, achieving extremely low temperatures in a laboratory is incredibly difficult.

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Various complex methods are used.

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Laser cooling, magnetic cooling, and combined methods.

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We can't create just any conditions we want in a laboratory.

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Also today, absolute zero remains an unattainable boundary, a theory.

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Since at extremely low temperatures, the formation of particles and mechanisms is possible, this indirectly confirms my hypothesis about the existence and self-replication of dark particles.

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But if the process of self-replication of dark particles truly occurs in cosmic space, then we humans can try to capture some kind of signal on modern equipment, some kind of radiation.

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If some process is occurring, there must be at least some fluctuations, and we can potentially detect them.

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What's more, according to the theory of self-replication, this signal must be unique as it should be present everywhere in the universe.

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The signal should be the same everywhere and from any angle.

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And we have already detected such a unique signal.

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I'm quoting the AI.

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In 1964, American scientists Arno Alan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson discovered a uniform microwave signal using a horn antenna at Bell Labs.

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This signal turned out to be the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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In 1964, this signal was linked to the Big Bang theory and was named relic radiation.

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But from a technical standpoint, to put it mildly, it's strange that we're still detecting a signal that originated 13 billion years ago.

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The explanation was once again linked to a theoretical singularity.

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Relic radiation is exactly that, radiation.

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It's an ongoing process.

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I also ask you to consider another interesting point.

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I'm quoting the AI.

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Relic radiation is microwave radiation that has the spectrum of a perfect black body and is isotropic with very high precision.

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The term isotropic means it's the same everywhere and from any angle.

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This radiation uniformly fills the universe from any angle.

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I suggest that this radiation, which they called relic radiation, could be the detection of the self-replication process of dark particles.

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I ask active specialists to pay attention to this.

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Now, let's analyze how the self-replication process of dark particles might occur.

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If we look at any living organism, it self-replicates by using some kind of material.

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For example, for a human, that's food, water, and air.

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All living organisms need to consume something to self-replicate.

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From nothing, you can only get nothing.

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We haven't observed anything else.

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For example, if you take food away from a simple organism, it can't divide.

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It needs material.

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Based on this fact, we can conclude that for dark particles to self-replicate, the particles need some kind of material.

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Based on these facts, it follows that dark particles must consume some material to produce new particles.

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From this, we can conclude that dark particles must pull or attract something into themselves, some kind of material.

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From this, we can assume that dark particles pull or draw in the medium, space, or a field.

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If a particle pulls in a field or space, it will create a force of attraction.

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And all particles with mass have their own force of attraction.

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If there are many such particles, they must create a powerful force of attraction.

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Perhaps that's what we've named gravity.

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Atoms also consist of particles and therefore can create gravity.

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It's because of gravity that we walk on planet Earth.

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If you create a vacuum under terrestrial conditions, then, for example, both a car and a goose feather will fall at the same speed.

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This is a verifiable fact.

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If this is indeed the case, if particles collectively create gravity through their force of attraction, then gravity is the consumption force of the particles multiplied by their quantity.

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The theory of self-replication potentially explains the very principle of how gravity works.

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It explains why it happens.

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Gravity acts over any distance.
We observe this.

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Space is some kind of monomaterial, and it stretches.

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What can we call a space that is made of something, but not of particles, of some kind of monomaterial?

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It could be called, for example, a field, but then another word is needed.

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For example, an energy field or a quantum field.

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There's an interesting theory about a scalar field, which isn't made of particles.

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There's an interesting string theory, which presents physical space as a three-dimensional quantum network of superstrings.

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I suppose that at the very beginning of the universe's origin, only space existed.

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Endless space.

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But where did the very first elementary particles, which everything is made of, come from?

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Where did the very first components of the dark particle mechanism come from?

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Please note that in the Big Bang theory, all fundamental particles already existed, but were compressed by a theoretical singularity into a point of incredibly small size.

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If you're a practicing specialist, then you know what gigantic amounts of matter we're talking about.

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To compress such an amount of matter into a single point of incredibly small size is fantasy.

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Also, the singularity has no explanation for how this fantastic point arose and how this enormous amount of matter formed within it.

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There are no explanations.

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I'll make at least some assumption about how the very first particles in the universe appeared.

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According to quantum field theory, matter is a clump of energy.

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I'll assume that the very first clumps of energy in the universe, the very first condensations, could have formed due to an error in an unknown field.

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An error in space, but this is just a supposition.

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The unknown field that permeates everything is made of something, of some kind of monomaterial.

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We detect gravity, space, you could say, stretches or is stretched out.

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If space exists, then it's made of something and or some process is happening within it.

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Maybe absolute zero is unattainable because some process is happening within space itself.

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When there's some kind of process, of course, an error is possible.

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Such an error can lead to various deformations.

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Condensations lead to the appearance of particles, which could subsequently lead to the appearance of the first mechanism, a mechanism capable of self-replication.

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We can also assume that when there's a process, its natural change over time is possible.

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Maybe these first particles appeared or are appearing for natural reasons due to changes in space itself.

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Now, let's analyze what a black hole is and apply the theory of self-replication to this phenomenon.

00:20:30.780 --> 00:20:34.479
Galaxies, in addition to stars and planets, also have a center.

00:20:34.479 --> 00:20:36.479
I'm quoting the AI.

00:20:36.479 --> 00:20:41.529
At the center of most galaxies, including our Milky Way galaxy, there is a supermassive black hole.

00:20:41.529 --> 00:20:45.479
What we call a black hole has been detected more than once using telescopes.

00:20:45.479 --> 00:20:48.579
There are many models and theories about what it could be.

00:20:48.579 --> 00:20:55.479
The classic explanation for this phenomenon is based on the classic model with a singularity and an event horizon.

00:20:55.479 --> 00:21:05.380
But quoting the AI, some modern models suggest that the singularity might not exist at all, being replaced by a very dense but finite state of matter.

00:21:05.380 --> 00:21:09.479
There is the fact that the area around black holes has very strong gravity.

00:21:09.479 --> 00:21:13.479
And there's also a fact I'd like you to pay attention to, quoting the AI.

00:21:13.479 --> 00:21:18.479
The growth in mass of black holes is linked to the expansion of the universe.

00:21:18.479 --> 00:21:21.216
This phenomenon is called cosmological coupling.

00:21:22.272 --> 00:21:29.772
Researchers have found that the mass of supermassive black holes increases in proportion to how fast the universe is expanding.

00:21:29.772 --> 00:21:35.772
This implies that the process of self-replication of dark particles also occurs within the black hole.

00:21:35.772 --> 00:21:38.972
In that case, the cosmological coupling can be explained.

00:21:38.972 --> 00:21:44.571
Dark particles self-replicate by drawing a field into themselves which causes strong gravity.

00:21:44.571 --> 00:21:47.972
How could the first galaxy in the universe have appeared?

00:21:47.972 --> 00:21:51.272
In the early stages of the universe, there were no atoms.

00:21:51.272 --> 00:21:54.772
The universe could have been filled with elementary particles.

00:21:54.772 --> 00:22:02.071
How could the first galaxy have formed from self-replicating dark particles and fundamental particles without high temperatures?

00:22:02.071 --> 00:22:05.272
We can assume, for example, the following scenario.

00:22:05.272 --> 00:22:10.772
In a medium of elementary particles, a region of self-replicating dark particles formed.

00:22:10.772 --> 00:22:16.172
Due to the forces of attraction and pressure, this clump of dark particles began to condense.

00:22:16.172 --> 00:22:20.272
Strong gravity and rotation could have appeared due to angular momentum.

00:22:20.272 --> 00:22:28.572
So it turns out that the region of dark particles could have taken a round shape and formed a black hole within a medium of elementary particles.

00:22:28.572 --> 00:22:35.371
Due to the rotation of the black hole, accretion disks could have formed from the attracted elementary particles.

00:22:35.371 --> 00:22:39.272
The elementary particles began to compress, condense, and collide.

00:22:39.272 --> 00:22:44.072
And at that moment, the formation of protons from elementary particles could have occurred.

00:22:44.072 --> 00:22:45.871
Quoting the AI.

00:22:45.871 --> 00:22:55.871
Yes, during high energy processes, for example, particle collisions in accelerators, protons can form from more fundamental elementary particles such as quarks and gluons.

00:22:55.871 --> 00:23:02.871
In the course of such collisions, quarks and gluons can rearrange and combine forming new particles, including protons.

00:23:02.871 --> 00:23:06.816
Then, in the accretion disk of the black hole, two protons fused.

00:23:07.968 --> 00:23:10.768
First stage of proton-proton nuclear fusion.

00:23:10.768 --> 00:23:16.968
Proton-proton nuclear fusion is a set of nuclear reactions that occur in stars, such as the Sun.

00:23:16.968 --> 00:23:18.768
Quoting the AI.

00:23:18.768 --> 00:23:23.268
Nuclear fusion can indeed occur near black holes in the accretion disks of matter.

00:23:23.268 --> 00:23:33.068
The combination of these thermonuclear reactions resulted in high temperatures, bursts of energy, and consequently electrons, neutrons, and atoms.

00:23:33.068 --> 00:23:40.668
This is exactly how, in this story, stars appeared in the accretion disks of a black hole due to proton-proton nuclear fusion.

00:23:40.668 --> 00:23:41.567
Quoting the AI.

00:23:41.567 --> 00:23:52.968
In stars, like the Sun, during thermonuclear fusion, hydrogen is converted into helium, and then into other chemical elements, such as carbon, oxygen, neon, and silicon.

00:23:52.968 --> 00:23:58.267
After combustion, various heavy chemical elements appear all the way up to the iron peak.

00:23:58.267 --> 00:24:02.168
Then, the stars began to leave the accretion disks of the black hole.

00:24:02.168 --> 00:24:03.567
Quoting the AI.

00:24:03.567 --> 00:24:06.968
Yes, stars can leave the accretion disks of black holes.

00:24:06.968 --> 00:24:12.968
In some cases, stars or their remnants can indeed be ejected from the disk or migrate to other orbits.

00:24:12.968 --> 00:24:20.768
If there's a black hole and there are stars, then for a galaxy to form, for example, the Milky Way where we live, all that's needed are planets.

00:24:20.768 --> 00:24:26.268
Today, it's generally accepted that all planets formed from the gas and dust of stars.

00:24:26.268 --> 00:24:28.919
I won't even quote the AI, you already know this.

00:24:28.919 --> 00:24:33.667
In this story, this is exactly how the very first galaxy in the universe was formed.

00:24:33.667 --> 00:24:39.968
According to current data, the first galaxy formed approximately 13.5 billion years ago.

00:24:39.968 --> 00:24:43.067
This could have happened 13.5 billion years ago.

00:24:43.067 --> 00:24:47.368
Over time, more and more galaxies appeared and galaxy mergers occurred.

00:24:47.368 --> 00:24:49.468
Various processes took place in galaxies.

00:24:49.468 --> 00:24:51.468
Star formation, collisions.

00:24:51.468 --> 00:24:57.868
Today, in the observable part of the universe alone, there are from 100 billion to 2 trillion galaxies.

00:24:57.868 --> 00:25:01.667
These galaxies contain a huge number of stars and planets.

00:25:01.667 --> 00:25:07.268
For example, in our home galaxy, the Milky Way, there are about 100 billion stars alone.

00:25:07.268 --> 00:25:11.868
In this story, this is how our universe could have formed, including the planet Earth.

00:25:11.868 --> 00:25:14.368
But how did a living organism appear?

00:25:14.368 --> 00:25:15.168
And what is it?

00:25:19.488 --> 00:25:20.928
What is life?

00:25:20.928 --> 00:25:22.808
What does this word imply?

00:25:22.808 --> 00:25:25.888
From a scientific point of view, not a philosophical one.

00:25:25.888 --> 00:25:27.888
Quoting the AI.

00:25:27.888 --> 00:25:38.367
In the scientific sense, life is the state of an organism from birth to death associated with self-organization, metabolism, self-reproduction, and variability.

00:25:38.367 --> 00:25:41.488
Life is an active form of the existence of matter.

00:25:41.488 --> 00:25:51.744
It includes a set of physical and chemical processes that allow an organism to carry out metabolism, growth, adaptation to the environment, respond to stimuli, and reproduce.

00:25:52.896 --> 00:26:00.896
Life is characterized by the presence of genetic information that is passed on to offspring to maintain and replicate the living organism.

00:26:00.896 --> 00:26:06.896
Biological life is the period of an organism's existence from birth to death.

00:26:06.896 --> 00:26:08.896
This text is about a living organism.

00:26:08.896 --> 00:26:14.896
Metabolism, growth, adaptation to the environment, responding to stimuli and reproduction.

00:26:14.896 --> 00:26:21.896
Today, living organisms are considered to be animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria and archaea.

00:26:21.896 --> 00:26:23.896
But what is a living organism?

00:26:23.896 --> 00:26:25.896
Quoting the AI.

00:26:25.896 --> 00:26:31.896
A living organism is a living body that has a set of properties distinguishing it from non-living matter.

00:26:31.896 --> 00:26:40.896
These properties include metabolism, maintaining its structure and organization, and the ability to reproduce while preserving hereditary traits.

00:26:40.896 --> 00:26:50.896
An organism can be a unicellular life form, like bacteria or amoebas, or a multicellular creature, like plants, animals and fungi.

00:26:50.896 --> 00:26:58.896
The cell is the basic unit of a living organism, carrying the properties of life and is capable of metabolism, growth, development and self-reproduction.

00:26:58.896 --> 00:27:00.896
How exactly did life arise?

00:27:00.896 --> 00:27:02.896
Quoting the AI.

00:27:02.896 --> 00:27:10.080
To this day, scientists are working hard on modeling chemical conditions and conducting laboratory experiments to unravel these mysteries.

00:27:11.232 --> 00:27:18.752
However, we still haven't been able to fully understand exactly how life arose and it remains one of the greatest mysteries in science.

00:27:18.752 --> 00:27:23.152
How life arose as of today, the year 2025, is unclear.

00:27:23.152 --> 00:27:26.012
And I would add that it's unclear why this is happening.

00:27:26.012 --> 00:27:31.512
If we can understand why this is happening, we might be able to pinpoint the moment a living organism emerged.

00:27:32.736 --> 00:27:36.536
That sounds logical.
Now, let's analyze what consciousness is.

00:27:36.536 --> 00:27:52.676
Quoting the AI, In physiology and neurobiology, the full mechanism of consciousness has not been completely uncovered, but it is already known that its formation is linked to the functioning of the cerebral cortex and the higher centers of the nervous system.

00:27:52.676 --> 00:27:55.476
This text is about the workings of the brain.

00:27:55.476 --> 00:27:57.396
Where is consciousness located?

00:27:57.396 --> 00:28:07.096
Quoting the AI, Consciousness is not localized in any single specific part of the brain, but is formed through the interaction of several of its structures.

00:28:07.096 --> 00:28:19.296
Modern neurobiological research shows that consciousness is linked to the activation of neural networks, primarily in the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and certain subcortical structures, such as the brain stem and the basal ganglia.

00:28:19.296 --> 00:28:22.396
Again, this text is about the workings of the brain.

00:28:22.396 --> 00:28:26.316
Now, let's analyze which organisms possess consciousness.

00:28:26.316 --> 00:28:39.255
Quoting the AI, Consciousness is possessed not only by humans, but by many animals as well, and this is confirmed by scientific research and tests, specifically the MIRROR test, which checks the capacity for self-awareness.

00:28:39.255 --> 00:28:41.356
This is about self-awareness.

00:28:41.356 --> 00:28:49.956
A high level of consciousness is observed in great apes, dolphins, elephants, and certain species of birds, such as magpies and crows.

00:28:49.956 --> 00:28:56.115
These animals can solve complex problems, demonstrate ingenuity, and even put themselves in the place of others.

00:28:56.115 --> 00:29:00.996
But here we're talking about intelligence, about the efficiency of the brain's workings.

00:29:00.996 --> 00:29:15.316
Modern research is expanding the list of conscious organisms to include all vertebrates, birds, reptiles, fish, as well as cephalopods, for example, octopuses, which possess a developed nervous system and high adaptability.

00:29:15.316 --> 00:29:19.795
Surprisingly, even some insect species demonstrate signs of consciousness.

00:29:19.795 --> 00:29:32.916
Thus, consciousness is present in many complex animals, especially those whose nervous system or brain allows them to perceive, interpret the world, remember, to learn and possess a certain level of self-awareness.

00:29:32.916 --> 00:29:40.596
But the question of fully understanding consciousness in different organisms is still being studied, and there is currently no clear boundary.

00:29:40.596 --> 00:29:45.635
This text discussed the efficiency of the brain, intelligence, and self-knowledge.

00:29:45.635 --> 00:29:50.116
The problem is that it is unclear what consciousness actually is.

00:29:50.116 --> 00:29:54.355
That is precisely why there is no clear boundary as to who possesses it.

00:29:54.355 --> 00:29:57.635
Now let's analyze what happens when consciousness is lost.

00:29:57.635 --> 00:29:59.635
What?
What do we mean by that?

00:29:59.635 --> 00:30:01.075
Quoting Ike,

00:30:16.075 --> 00:30:16.756
Quoting Ike,

00:30:21.116 --> 00:30:26.556
Since this state is associated with a temporary loss of the brain's response to external stimuli.

00:30:26.556 --> 00:30:29.155
Can a person move when they lose consciousness?

00:30:29.155 --> 00:30:33.355
Quoting her, A person who has lost consciousness cannot move consciously.

00:30:33.355 --> 00:30:41.995
That is, for example, when a person loses consciousness, they cannot react to external stimuli, feel or move, let alone move in a purposeful way.

00:30:41.995 --> 00:30:47.275
Why can't such factors be used as criteria for determining the presence of consciousness?

00:30:47.275 --> 00:30:53.995
If we analyze the lives of, for example, ants, bees or spiders, they eat, feel, get nervous, attack and sleep.

00:30:53.995 --> 00:30:56.715
Moreover, everything about them is just like humans.

00:30:56.715 --> 00:30:59.676
They have survival and reproduction strategies.

00:30:59.676 --> 00:31:02.396
These insects are definitely conscious.

00:31:02.396 --> 00:31:03.836
But what is that?

00:31:03.836 --> 00:31:09.715
If we analyze even simpler organisms, for example, unicellular eukaryotes, Quoting Ike,

00:31:29.676 --> 00:31:31.296
and move toward a food source,

00:31:32.352 --> 00:31:40.712
Even microorganisms and some heterotrophic plants have mechanisms that allow them to perceive and respond to external signals.

00:31:40.712 --> 00:31:45.032
And insectivorous plants are able to move their leaf traps to capture prey.

00:31:45.032 --> 00:31:52.712
This shows that heterotrophic organisms to some extent are capable of sensation, response and directed movement to obtain food.

00:31:52.712 --> 00:31:56.472
Therefore unicellular eukaryotes are also conscious.

00:31:56.472 --> 00:31:58.552
They also possess consciousness.

00:31:58.552 --> 00:31:59.832
But what is it?

00:31:59.832 --> 00:32:03.991
Now let's analyze organisms that are even simpler in structure.

00:32:03.991 --> 00:32:06.111
They are called prokaryotes.

00:32:06.111 --> 00:32:08.072
These are archaea and bacteria.

00:32:08.072 --> 00:32:18.722
Quoting Illion, prokaryotes also possess the ability to sense and respond to external stimuli, even though they lack sensory organs and a nervous system like eukaryotes.

00:32:18.722 --> 00:32:27.672
They perceive changes in their environment through specialized molecular receptors on the cell surface, which allow them to detect chemicals, light, temperature and other factors.

00:32:28.800 --> 00:32:37.080
Thanks to these receptors, prokaryotes can move purposefully, for example, using flagella to approach sources of food or move away from dangerous conditions.

00:32:37.080 --> 00:32:47.580
Although they lack consciousness or a complex nervous system, prokaryotes exhibit behavioral responses that can be regarded as a form of sensing and reacting to situations.

00:32:47.580 --> 00:32:56.400
For example, bacteria can change the direction of their movement, enter a dormant state, and form colonies in response to external stimuli.

00:32:56.400 --> 00:33:03.660
How can one think that they lack consciousness if they sense, respond to external stimuli and purposefully move toward food?

00:33:03.660 --> 00:33:05.960
Unicellular prokaryotes possess consciousness.

00:33:05.960 --> 00:33:07.419
But what is consciousness?

00:33:07.419 --> 00:33:11.040
It is not intelligence, nor is it the efficiency of brain function.

00:33:11.040 --> 00:33:20.320
In the case of unicellular organisms, consciousness cannot depend on a nervous system or on the efficiency of a brain, since they have no brain.

00:33:20.320 --> 00:33:29.419
Unicellular prokaryotes can detect chemicals, light, and temperature, and they independently move toward sources of food or away from dangerous conditions.

00:33:29.419 --> 00:33:33.179
Unicellular prokaryotes are just like us humans, only simpler in structure.

00:33:33.179 --> 00:33:35.259
It's not about consciousness.

00:33:35.259 --> 00:33:36.259
But what is it?

00:33:36.259 --> 00:33:42.300
Let's start figuring out what consciousness is, beginning with the simplest unicellular organisms.

00:33:42.300 --> 00:33:45.859
Why do unicellular organisms sense food and move toward it?

00:33:45.859 --> 00:33:52.009
They sense the presence of the molecules they need in their environment, and they move toward where there are more of them.

00:33:52.009 --> 00:33:52.709
That's a fact.

00:33:52.709 --> 00:33:54.109
We humans also sense smells.

00:33:54.109 --> 00:33:56.139
We sense molecules in our environment.

00:33:56.139 --> 00:33:57.139
Then that's a fact.

00:33:57.139 --> 00:34:03.060
But why do these simplest organisms sense that they need molecules and even specific molecules at that?

00:34:03.060 --> 00:34:05.780
Why do prokaryotes want certain molecules?

00:34:05.780 --> 00:34:07.380
What do they use to want?

00:34:07.380 --> 00:34:15.899
They don't have a brain, artificial intelligence starts to answer here, because these molecules serve as a source of energy and as building material to sustain life.

00:34:15.899 --> 00:34:18.060
They want it because they need it.

00:34:18.060 --> 00:34:19.498
That's not an answer.

00:34:19.498 --> 00:34:22.420
What does it use to want if it has no brain?

00:34:22.420 --> 00:34:28.739
Now imagine that the molecules making up the simplest organism are synchronized by electrical voltage.

00:34:28.739 --> 00:34:35.980
Do you think that, because of such synchronization, this microscopic organism could feel a lack of certain molecules?

00:34:35.980 --> 00:34:37.260
Of course it could.

00:34:37.260 --> 00:34:43.938
Theoretically, because of such synchronization, it could sense empty spaces within itself, missing molecules.

00:34:43.938 --> 00:34:46.820
For the processes taking place, what do you think?

00:34:46.820 --> 00:34:59.499
If the molecules that make up the simplest organism are synchronized by electrical energy, could the organism use this synchronization to control the molecules, for example to bend in order to change its trajectory of movement?

00:34:59.499 --> 00:35:00.499
Again it could.

00:35:00.499 --> 00:35:06.139
Theoretically, it could control its body if the molecules were synchronized by electrical voltage.

00:35:06.139 --> 00:35:12.300
What do you think, because of such synchronization, could this simplest organism to sense external stimuli?

00:35:12.300 --> 00:35:16.979
Again, because of such synchronization, it can theoretically sense external stimuli.

00:35:16.979 --> 00:35:24.380
It turns out that due to this synchronization, this simplest organism can react to external stimuli, can move toward food.

00:35:24.380 --> 00:35:33.900
After hearing this, it probably no longer seems surprising to you that these microscopic organisms want certain molecules and independently choose their path of movement, right?

00:35:33.900 --> 00:35:43.660
So in unicellular organisms, the electrical synchronization of molecules in the form of a biological type of electrical potential is in fact consciousness.

00:35:43.660 --> 00:35:46.379
The electrical potential itself is consciousness.

00:35:46.379 --> 00:35:51.219
Thanks to it, these microscopic organisms sense, move and react to stimuli.

00:35:51.219 --> 00:35:59.460
Quoting AI Unicellular organisms do indeed possess internal electrical energy in the form of membrane potential.

00:35:59.460 --> 00:36:05.859
The membrane potential in unicellular organisms is usually in the range of 60 to 90 millivolts.

00:36:05.859 --> 00:36:15.660
Thus, unicellular organisms have internal electrical energy that is vital for their functioning and represents a biological form of electrical potential.

00:36:15.660 --> 00:36:22.139
Electrical potential plays a key role in the life of the cell, including signal transmission and maintaining metabolism.

00:36:22.139 --> 00:36:32.540
The cell acts as a kind of generator, creating its own local electric field and membrane potential, which means there is electrical voltage inside the cell itself.

00:36:32.540 --> 00:36:40.770
I assume that it is precisely because of this electrical voltage that the microscopic organism can sense, control its body and move around.

00:36:40.770 --> 00:36:47.020
As it moves, it detects the concentration of the molecules it needs in the environment for the processes occurring within it.

00:36:47.020 --> 00:36:53.020
And because of this, it moves to where there will be enough material for the processes taking place inside it.

00:36:53.020 --> 00:36:55.699
Even a single-celled prokaryote wants something.

00:36:55.699 --> 00:36:59.099
It can sense things even without nerve endings or a brain.

00:36:59.099 --> 00:37:02.740
It's just simpler, but it's just as alive as we humans are.

00:37:02.740 --> 00:37:05.020
It also exists in consciousness.

00:37:05.020 --> 00:37:12.340
Now if we analyze even the most complex living organism called a human, it turns out that this applies to humans as well.

00:37:12.340 --> 00:37:14.290
It's just that humans are more complex.

00:37:14.290 --> 00:37:16.940
We have a specific organ for every process.

00:37:16.940 --> 00:37:22.579
We even have regulatory organs, for example the enteric system or the hypothalamus.

00:37:22.579 --> 00:37:29.560
But it is precisely due to electrical energy that we control our bodies, perceive, remember, think, speak, eat.

00:37:29.560 --> 00:37:34.979
If we consider the biological form of electrical potential as consciousness, everything fits.

00:37:34.979 --> 00:37:42.199
I quote, and when consciousness is lost, there is a change in membrane potential and a decrease in voltage between cells.

00:37:42.199 --> 00:37:43.699
And what happens during sleep?

00:37:43.699 --> 00:37:51.780
I quote, during sleep, the electrical activity of cells decreases, which contributes to an energy-efficient resting state of the cells.

00:37:51.780 --> 00:37:57.180
With low energy consumption, during sleep, there is a decrease in voltage between cells.

00:37:57.180 --> 00:38:02.060
I suggest that consciousness is electrical synchronization controlled by a living organism.

00:38:02.060 --> 00:38:14.900
I believe that the concept of the word consciousness needs to be reconsidered, since as of today, the word consciousness does not have a clear definition, and because of this, there are no clear boundaries as to whom it applies.

00:38:14.900 --> 00:38:17.859
I ask current specialists to pay attention to this.

00:38:17.859 --> 00:38:21.240
Now let's analyze how a living organism originated.

00:38:21.240 --> 00:38:29.020
There is a fact that as of 2025, a living organism has not yet been created from scratch in laboratory conditions.

00:38:29.020 --> 00:38:29.659
Quoting AI.

00:38:30.912 --> 00:38:39.612
As of 2025, a living organism created entirely from scratch in a laboratory, without using previously living cells, has not yet been created.

00:38:39.612 --> 00:38:48.096
In 2010, Craig Venter's team successfully synthesized a bacterial genome and inserted it into a bacterium whose own DNA had been removed.

00:38:49.632 --> 00:38:58.352
As a result, the cell was reprogrammed according to the instructions of the new genome, turning into an organism fully controlled by a synthetic genetic program.

00:38:58.352 --> 00:39:07.191
Modern methods of genetic engineering make it possible to insert individual genes into an organism, creating genetically modified organisms, or GMOs.

00:39:07.191 --> 00:39:14.872
That is, this is not the complete creation of a living organism, but rather the insertion of a genome into an existing living organism.

00:39:14.872 --> 00:39:23.391
There is a remarkable theory, the theory of chemical evolution, or the primordial soup theory, developed by Alexander Oparin in 1924.

00:39:23.391 --> 00:39:32.391
The theory of chemical evolution became fundamental for understanding the origin of life and gave rise to experimental biochemistry and molecular biology.

00:39:32.391 --> 00:39:42.751
Although alternative hypotheses have emerged over the years, Alexander Oparin's theory remains an important milestone in the evolution of scientific thought about the origin of life.

00:39:42.751 --> 00:39:48.832
Later, a very interesting explanation appeared for how RNA could arise from chemical evolution.

00:39:48.832 --> 00:39:59.911
This hypothesis is called the RNA world, which proposes that the first viable molecule capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions was RNA itself.

00:39:59.911 --> 00:40:11.312
Quoting AI according to the RNA world theory, the first RNA molecules were free molecules without a membrane envelope, capable of self-replication and performing enzymatic functions.

00:40:11.312 --> 00:40:19.551
But there is also the fact that as of 2025, it has not yet been possible to create RNA from scratch out of atoms in the laboratory.

00:40:19.551 --> 00:40:28.352
Quoting AI, under laboratory conditions, it has not yet been possible to create RNA entirely from scratch out of atoms, as in the case of primordial chemical evolution.

00:40:28.352 --> 00:40:38.471
But as of today, there are several very interesting experiments where RNA copies itself and synthesizes protein, which supports the RNA world theory of the origin of life.

00:40:38.471 --> 00:40:43.712
In the scientific community, there is no longer any doubt that life arose from chemical evolution.

00:40:43.712 --> 00:40:58.232
Quoting AI, the latest experiments have confirmed that the natural conditions of early Earth provided mechanisms for the continuous evolution of chemical systems, which supports the theory of the natural origin of life without invoking supernatural forces.

00:40:58.232 --> 00:41:02.471
Chemical evolution is already a fact, only the sequence remains unclear.

00:41:02.471 --> 00:41:08.712
Either RNA initially formed without a membrane, or RNA formed within some kind of membrane.

00:41:08.712 --> 00:41:12.111
For example, at that time, a biogenic methane could have formed.

00:41:12.111 --> 00:41:18.792
And as a result of the reaction between abiogenic methane, carbon and hydrogen, hydrocarbons could form.

00:41:18.792 --> 00:41:21.592
Hydrocarbons can form any kind of structures.

00:41:21.592 --> 00:41:28.072
Spatial forms, round, flat, three-dimensional, of various dimensions and with different degrees of saturation.

00:41:28.072 --> 00:41:31.792
Theoretically, a hydrocarbon could have played the role of a membrane.

00:41:31.792 --> 00:41:39.111
The only unclear thing is the sequence of this chemical evolution, but the chemical evolution itself can be considered a fact.

00:41:39.111 --> 00:41:45.311
In laboratories, these mechanisms, known as RNA, already replicate themselves and synthesize protein.

00:41:45.311 --> 00:41:52.111
Chemical evolution has been proven possible, but from what point should an organism be considered a living organism?

00:41:52.111 --> 00:41:53.751
What made it come alive?

00:41:53.751 --> 00:42:01.432
As of 2025, the most ancient ancestor of all living organisms is considered to be an organism called Leuka.

00:42:01.432 --> 00:42:05.592
Quoting I, Leuka is the last universal common ancestor.

00:42:05.592 --> 00:42:10.311
This is a scientific hypothesis supported by molecular and genetic data.

00:42:10.311 --> 00:42:16.031
Leuka lived on planet Earth approximately 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago.

00:42:16.031 --> 00:42:23.831
It was a complex organism with a large genome encoding about 2600 proteins, capable of synthesizing ATP.

00:42:23.831 --> 00:42:29.072
There is also a theory that Leuka was not the first organism, but evolved from a protocell.

00:42:29.072 --> 00:42:34.072
A protocell is a hypothetical model or an early stage in the emergence of life.

00:42:34.072 --> 00:42:47.792
Quoting AI, a protocell is a simpler structure, a hypothetical predecessor of Leuka, which did not necessarily have a fully developed genetic apparatus, but was rather a model of early self-regulating chemical systems.

00:42:47.792 --> 00:42:59.592
A protocell is a hypothetical primitive cellular structure that possesses a membrane and is capable of limited autonomous life activities, including metabolism, self-replication and basic evolution.

00:42:59.592 --> 00:43:07.191
Protocells are considered the predecessors of living cells and contain biomolecules such as RNA necessary for life processes.

00:43:07.191 --> 00:43:14.232
There is little precise information about the protocell since it is a model of early self-regulating chemical systems.

00:43:14.232 --> 00:43:20.232
However, it is also asserted that the protocell, for example, did not have a flagellum for movement.

00:43:20.232 --> 00:43:22.871
Therefore, it had no movement.
It was static.

00:43:22.871 --> 00:43:27.871
Can such a protocell be called alive if it is simply a static mechanism made of molecules?

00:43:27.871 --> 00:43:35.191
There is a hypothesis, supported by protocols and experiments, that protocells possess the ability to self-replicate.

00:43:35.191 --> 00:43:41.191
I quote, There is experimental evidence that protocells had the capacity for self-replication.

00:43:41.191 --> 00:43:51.991
In laboratory conditions, membrane vesicles, models of protocells, were created, inside which RNA molecules were synthesized and replicated without the involvement of complex enzymes.

00:43:51.991 --> 00:43:56.928
But can this self-replicating mechanism be called alive, let alone a living organism?

00:43:56.928 --> 00:44:06.512
I quote, And protocells do not possess all the characteristics of modern living organisms such as a fully developed genetic apparatus or specialized organelles.

00:44:06.512 --> 00:44:15.191
Therefore, they are often referred to as primitive living systems or semi-living entities existing in a transitional stage of the origin of life.

00:44:15.191 --> 00:44:26.911
Thus, protocells can be considered life systems in an embryonic form, possessing the basic features of life, but not yet having achieved full cellular organization and the complexity of modern life.

00:44:26.911 --> 00:44:29.431
I would like to draw your attention to one fact.

00:44:29.431 --> 00:44:46.112
Quoting AI, According to current scientific understanding, protocells most likely did not produce ATP in the way modern living cells do, since the ATP molecule is a complex product of metabolism that requires advanced enzymatic systems and specialized structures, which protocells did not possess.

00:44:46.112 --> 00:44:50.431
And now we have reached the most significant moment in the origin of life.

00:44:50.431 --> 00:44:58.431
I suggest that the emergence of a living organism can be considered to begin from the moment the organism started synthesizing ATP.

00:44:58.431 --> 00:45:00.031
What is ATP?

00:45:00.031 --> 00:45:04.232
Quoting AI, ATP is adenosine triphosphate.

00:45:04.232 --> 00:45:10.431
It is a molecule that serves as the main source of energy in the cells of all living organisms.

00:45:10.431 --> 00:45:19.431
It is not simply energy or just a molecule, but rather a molecule that contains chemical energy, which is released when one of its three phosphate groups is detached.

00:45:19.431 --> 00:45:29.031
This energy is used by cells to carry out various biochemical processes, such as muscle contractions, protein synthesis and the transmission of nerve impulses.

00:45:29.031 --> 00:45:37.031
ATP is the universal energy currency of all living organisms on Earth, without which normal cellular activity is impossible.

00:45:37.031 --> 00:45:41.031
What functions does ATP have, what can it change and what does it influence?

00:45:42.144 --> 00:47:59.384
Quoting Erie, the main functions of ATP ATP is a universal source of energy, providing energy for biochemical reactions, including active transport of substances across biomembranes and muscle contractions ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in certain synapses and participates in intercellular signaling, urinergic transmission ATP is a precursor of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a secondary messenger in hormonal signaling within cells ATP plays a regulatory role, acting as an allosteric effector and modulating enzyme activity ATP serves as the starting material in the synthesis of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA ATP is involved in the generation of transmembrane electrical potential Thus, ATP not only provides energy for key life processes, but also regulates metabolism, signal transmission, and cellular interactions, making it a universal and multifunctional molecule in living organisms If we analyze the functions of ATP, it is ATP that serves as the source even of our consciousness, the source of the biological form of electrical potential Thanks to this energy, we record and read information and we think, we move, feel, reproduce Microscopic unicellular organisms do all this thanks to ATP They can be conscious, can feel, reproduce, move and live I believe it can be said that it is precisely due to ATP synthesis Life arose from this, and it follows that as of today, in 2025, we can consider the first living organism on earth to be the organism called LUCA, since LUCA is the first known organism to us that possesses ATP synthesis I quote Airy The last universal common ancestor, LUCA, really did produce ATP, the universal molecule that serves as the energy currency for all living organisms Archaea and bacteria descended from the organism LUCA The self-replication of archaea and bacteria occurred through simple binary fission Cyanobacteria possessed photosynthesis and released oxygen into the atmosphere I quote Airy Cyanobacteria still produce a significant portion of the planet's oxygen today Estimates of their contribution to total oxygen production range from 20 to 40 percent

00:48:00.576 --> 00:48:09.696
About 2.5 billion years ago, the oxygen content in the atmosphere rose sharply, having a global impact on the development of complex life on Earth.

00:48:09.696 --> 00:48:14.176
About 1.8 billion years ago, eukaryotes already existed.

00:48:14.176 --> 00:48:16.736
These are complex single-celled organisms.

00:48:16.736 --> 00:48:24.896
Eukaryotes used oxygen for aerobic respiration, which allows for the production of approximately 15 to 19 times more ATP energy.

00:48:24.896 --> 00:48:35.296
Oxygen could have contributed to the development of more complex metabolism and biochemical pathways due to the breakdown of various substances with the help of oxygen.

00:48:35.296 --> 00:48:39.215
It is believed that eukaryotes originated as a result of symbiogenesis.

00:48:39.776 --> 00:48:40.656
Quoting and

00:48:41.436 --> 00:48:47.136
Recent studies indicate that the closest ancestors of eukaryotes were representatives of the Asgard archaea group.

00:48:47.936 --> 00:48:54.495
These archaea possess many genes characteristic of eukaryotes, including proteins associated with unique eukaryotic processes.

00:48:55.456 --> 00:49:01.695
Thus, the basic genetic systems and many cellular structures of eukaryotes were inherited from archaea.

00:49:01.695 --> 00:49:08.016
However, the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes have their own circular DNA, which is similar to that of bacteria.

00:49:08.576 --> 00:49:16.095
Symbiogenesis is the only theory of the origin of eukaryotes that is supported by numerous facts and is widely accepted in modern biology.

00:49:16.656 --> 00:49:23.656
The self-replication of the first eukaryotes occurred through mitosis, but later eukaryotes also developed sexual reproduction.

00:49:23.656 --> 00:49:28.576
It was eukaryotes that gave rise to the emergence of more complex multicellular organisms.

00:49:28.576 --> 00:49:34.576
The cells of all multicellular organisms, animals, fungi and plants are specifically eukaryotic.

00:49:35.135 --> 00:49:40.896
For some reason, even artificial intelligence finds it difficult to determine the oldest multicellular organism.

00:49:41.535 --> 00:49:46.656
At first, it provides information that one organism is the oldest, but then it contradicts itself.

00:49:47.215 --> 00:49:52.896
I think it's fair to say that as of 2025, there are several ancient contenders for this title.

00:49:52.896 --> 00:49:59.696
To quote, A filamentous multicellular organism interpreted as an ancient red alga was found in central India.

00:50:00.656 --> 00:50:10.016
The age of the fossils is estimated to be about 1.6 billion years, but there are also older traces of fungi, which have been dated to 2.4 billion years.

00:50:10.896 --> 00:50:19.775
These fossilized multicellular organisms discovered on the ocean floor are considered among the oldest on earth and may represent early ancestors of fungi.

00:50:20.576 --> 00:50:29.215
The age and nature of these organisms indicate that fungi appeared much earlier than previously thought and that they lived in marine environments, not just on land.

00:50:29.855 --> 00:50:35.855
This discovery pushes back the origin of multicellular life and fungi by hundreds of millions of years.

00:50:36.415 --> 00:50:45.376
According to scientific research, the first multicellular organisms to lead a mobile lifestyle are believed to be creatures that lived about 2.1 billion years ago.

00:50:45.936 --> 00:50:51.215
Traces of these most ancient animal organisms were found in sedimentary rocks in eastern Gabon.

00:50:51.775 --> 00:50:58.736
However, most of the discovered fossils of multicellular organisms are dated to 600 to 650 million years ago.

00:50:58.736 --> 00:51:03.215
It was during this time that a significant diversity of multicellular life emerged.

00:51:03.855 --> 00:51:12.415
In the period 600 to 650 million years ago, multicellular organisms included both sessile and mobile forms of life.

00:51:12.415 --> 00:51:16.176
But how did multicellular organisms arise and why?

00:51:16.176 --> 00:51:16.975
Quoting AI

00:51:17.775 --> 00:51:28.495
The theory of the origin of the first multicellular organisms explains their emergence through the aggregation of single-celled organisms into colonies followed by cell specialization.

00:51:28.495 --> 00:51:39.866
The most well-known is the gastrea theory proposed by Ernst Haeckel according to which the primary multicellular organism was formed as a result of repeated division of a single-celled ancestor.

00:51:39.866 --> 00:51:46.016
At the same time, the daughter cells did not completely separate, forming an aggregate with different cell specializations.

00:51:46.816 --> 00:51:51.215
Some were responsible for movement, while others handled nutrition and digestion.

00:51:51.215 --> 00:52:00.576
There is also a hypothesis that the first multicellular organisms could have originated from colonies of flagellates in which the cells specialized and divided roles among themselves.

00:52:02.400 --> 00:52:09.000
Amoeboid cells would sink into the interior of the colony, while flagellated cells remained on the surface, providing movement.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:15.300
The idea that multicellular organisms originated through the unification into colonies sounds logical.

00:52:15.300 --> 00:52:23.600
If we analyze, for example, the ancient multicellular organism, the sponge, it really does resemble a colony of multicellular organisms.

00:52:23.600 --> 00:52:32.100
Quoting A.I. The cells of sponges are not independent organisms, although many of them resemble unicellular organisms in structure and function.

00:52:32.100 --> 00:52:37.699
For example, Chaunocytes are similar to Chaunoflagellates, which are unicellular flagellates.

00:52:37.699 --> 00:52:40.800
Even artificial intelligence acknowledges the similarity.

00:52:40.800 --> 00:52:47.800
I assume that electrical potential once again played a decisive role in the emergence of multicellular organisms.

00:52:47.800 --> 00:52:51.900
If organisms simply lived in colonies, they would just live in colonies.

00:52:51.900 --> 00:52:57.900
Electrical energy synchronized unicellular organisms, creating a shared consciousness among them.

00:52:57.900 --> 00:53:06.100
Due to electrical potential, independent unicellular organisms ceased to be independent and began to act as a single mechanism.

00:53:06.100 --> 00:53:12.851
Quoting A.I. Yes, there is electrical synchronization between the cells of a multicellular organism.

00:53:12.851 --> 00:53:23.999
This phenomenon is observed through the synchronization of electrical oscillations and potentials between cells, which can occur at the level of neurons, glial cells, and other cell types.

00:53:23.999 --> 00:53:34.499
The synchronization of electrical activity ensures the coordination and integration of cellular functions within tissues and organs, which is essential for their joint operation.

00:53:34.499 --> 00:53:46.599
For example, a high level of oscillation synchronization is characteristic of active zones in microbial biofilms, and similar processes are observed in multicellular organisms across different cell types.

00:53:46.599 --> 00:53:56.700
Thus, electrical synchronization between cells represents a coordinated oscillatory interaction aimed at the effective execution of joint functions within the organism.

00:53:56.700 --> 00:53:58.999
And in this case, again, it's ATP.

00:53:58.999 --> 00:54:12.400
I assume that due to the emergence of synchronization, the genetic material of these unicellular organisms living in dense colonies began to change synchronously, and as a result, multicellular living organisms appeared.

00:54:12.400 --> 00:54:21.099
With the emergence of multicellular organisms came a diversity of living beings, an increase in size, and a complication of internal structure.

00:54:21.099 --> 00:54:24.599
Multicellular organisms with completely different functions appeared.

00:54:24.599 --> 00:54:27.900
Completely different animals, plants, and fungi emerged.

00:54:27.900 --> 00:54:31.299
I assume that a living organism is not something supernatural.

00:54:31.299 --> 00:54:37.799
For example, a human is a complex mechanism made up of self-replicating mechanisms, cells, which form organs.

00:54:37.799 --> 00:54:43.200
And all of this is synchronized by electrical voltage, a form of biological electrical voltage.

00:54:43.200 --> 00:54:46.200
We are able to control this synchronization.

00:54:46.200 --> 00:54:48.900
Our thought process is an electrical process.

00:54:48.900 --> 00:54:54.299
This synchronization combined with self-replicating mechanisms is what constitutes life.

00:54:54.299 --> 00:55:02.099
These multicellular organisms ended up in different conditions, in various habitats, and as they adapted to them, they changed.

00:55:02.099 --> 00:55:07.099
At some point, lobe-finned fish began to crawl onto land and spend more and more time there.

00:55:07.099 --> 00:55:10.400
As a result, they developed limbs and a respiratory system.

00:55:10.400 --> 00:55:14.599
This evolutionary period was a key stage in the development of life on land.

00:55:14.599 --> 00:55:18.400
Tetrapods, four-legged creatures, appeared and colonized the land.

00:55:18.400 --> 00:55:25.799
Further evolution led to amniotes, vertebrates capable of reproducing on land thanks to the amniotic egg.

00:55:25.799 --> 00:55:29.200
From them evolved reptiles, mammals, and primates.

00:55:29.200 --> 00:55:35.850
The species most closely related to humans are hominids like Ardipithecus, which lived about 5 million years ago.

00:55:35.850 --> 00:55:41.099
The skeleton of an Ardipithecus was discovered in 1994 in Ethiopia.

00:55:41.099 --> 00:55:45.299
It was the skeleton of a female Ardipithecus, 4.5 million years old.

00:55:45.299 --> 00:55:49.900
The features of the female Ardipithecus indicate bipedalism.

00:55:49.900 --> 00:55:54.700
Ardipithecus primarily ate plant-based foods, shoots, leaves, and fruits from trees.

00:55:54.700 --> 00:56:01.599
Because of this diet, Ardipithecus probably spent a lot of time on two legs, and likely as a result, developed bipedalism.

00:56:01.599 --> 00:56:12.700
Quoting A.I. Bipedalism allowed for a better view of the surrounding environment and predators, and also freed up the hands for various tasks, such as carrying food and obtaining objects.

00:56:12.700 --> 00:56:17.599
I also assume that hand motor skills played a very important role in development.

00:56:17.599 --> 00:56:19.400
What are hand motor skills?

00:56:19.400 --> 00:56:29.900
Quoting The development of hand motor skills improves many important functions, including speech, thinking, attention, imagination, coordination, memory, and visual motor coordination.

00:56:29.900 --> 00:56:37.799
Small finger movements stimulate the speech areas of the brain, so developing hand motor skills is important for improving speech in children.

00:56:37.799 --> 00:56:43.400
In addition, motor skills contribute to improved thinking, visual memory, and attention.

00:56:43.400 --> 00:56:58.100
Thus, the development of hand motor skills enhances speech, cognitive abilities, coordination, and everyday life skills, making this process extremely important for the harmonious development of children and for maintaining functions in adults.

00:56:58.100 --> 00:57:03.199
In this way, Ardipithecus gained a number of advantages over other living organisms.

00:57:03.199 --> 00:57:07.500
The descendants of Ardipithecus began to explore the world.

00:57:07.500 --> 00:57:15.900
They came up with ways to communicate, began to share experiences, and developed their brains, which became the foundation for human evolution.

00:57:15.900 --> 00:57:20.900
Ardipithecus gave rise to Australopithecus, and from them came the genus Homo.

00:57:20.900 --> 00:57:24.950
And then, after Homo sapiens, modern humans, that's us.

00:57:24.950 --> 00:57:29.100
Finally, I would like to touch once again on the theory of self-replication.

00:57:29.100 --> 00:57:32.350
There's nothing fantastical about the theory of self-replication.

00:57:32.350 --> 00:57:35.000
It is supported by observable facts.

00:57:35.000 --> 00:57:39.600
This theory needs to be examined, it needs to be either disproven or proven.

00:57:39.600 --> 00:57:43.299
There's one aspect of the self-replication theory that I really like.

00:57:43.299 --> 00:57:52.199
If the theory of self-replication is correct, then self-replication may never stop, and humanity could potentially exist forever, constantly changing.

00:57:52.199 --> 00:57:58.500
By adapting to the environment and shaping the environment to suit myself, I have done a tremendous amount of work.

00:57:58.500 --> 00:58:02.100
These hypotheses require thorough analysis by current experts...